"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention
hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to
inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned
observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of
how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information
serves as a guide for action."-Albert Bandura, Social Learning
Theory, 1977.
Bandura thinks
that direct reinforcement cannot be aplicapable for all types of learning.
Students can learn new information and behaviors by observing others. Bandura’s
Social learning theory explores three concepts like observational learning,
Intrinsic Reinforcement and the modeling process. Through Bobo doll experiment,
Bnadura proved that children learn and imitate the behavior of the people by
observation. Observational learning can be done through a live model and
symbolic model. Teachers, Parents, peer and other people are involved in live
model. Description, Explanation and lectures are involved in verbal
instructional model. Real and frictional characters in the books, television
programmes, films etc., are involved in symbolic model. Thus students have
great responsibility to learn by themselves through observing the people around
them.
Bandura supports
Intrinsic Reinforcement rather than external reinforcement. He indicates the
internal rewards as intrinsic reinforcement. The internal reward include pride,
Satisfaction, self-respect, feeling of other accomplishment etc. the modeling
process emphasizes that all observed behaviour do not lead learning. There are
some steps in the observational learning and modeling poses. Firstly
observational learning needs attention. Any desstraction in the attention of
the students may cause negative effect. Retention is another step involved in
the observational learning. Students should have sufficient ability to store
information when the students are able to reproduce the retained information,
the learning process in complete. The practice of the learned beahviour will
improve the skills of the students.
Referencing :
2. Saul McLeod 2007
http://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html
3. B. F. Skinner 1920s and 1930s, (http://129.7.160.115/INST5931/Beyond_Freedom.html)
